The Hunger Games Movie Essay Example for Free

The Hunger Games Movie Essay The Hunger Games book and film are extraordinary. All things considered, on the off chance that you have seen them you plainly observe that the film and the book’s plots are generally comparable, yet there are a couple of contrasts between the film and the book. In spite of the fact that they bear some appearing changes, the likenesses between the Hunger Games book and the Hunger Games film are articulated. To start, the Hunger Games film is a fascinating film that is changed so as to explain a few ideas that can't be introduced as they were composed by Suzanne Collins. To decipher this thought, the Hunger Games film was adjusted so the watchers could comprehend numerous thoughts that Suzanne Collins composed, yet couldn't be joined into the film similarly. For instance, the possibility that the things and the obstructions in the field were made and constrained by the Gamemakers is delineated in the film when the Gamemakers make designs of changes and afterward drag them to where they need to put them. When they are discharged, the transformations become animated in the field. Despite what might be expected, the Hunger Games book contains the first substance and thoughts; be that as it may, the Hunger Games film contains marginally extraordinary substance and doesn't speak to similar goals. As it were, the Hunger Games book had no alterations made to it since it has the first material. To outline this point, in the book, as Madge says goodbye to Katniss before she leaves to the Capitol, she gives Katniss the mockingjay pin so she can wear it as the token from her area in the Games. Anyway this idea was altered and in the film somebody who gives off an impression of being Greasy Sae gives Katniss the mockingjay pin. At that point, Katniss gave the pin to Primrose as an image of security at the procuring. As Primrose says goodbye to her sister, she restores the pin to her as an indication of security too. These two signals are unmistakably unique, when Madge gives Katniss the pin it is with the goal that the pin will be her token from her area in the Games, with the goal that Katniss will show pride in her region. Then, Primrose gives Katniss the pin with the expectation that the pin will secure her during the Games. All the more significantly, the Hunger Games book and the Hunger Games film contain irrefutable similitudes. â€Å"May the chances be ever in your favor.† This celebrated expression that Suzanne Collins wrote in the book shows up all through the film. This expression was depicted in the book as words individuals would kid about, however as a general rule they understood that it was exceptionally destroying, for in reality the chances were not in support of themselves. How this expression was seen in the book was carefully depicted in the film when Gale revealed to Katniss his name was in the procuring forty-two times. In addition to the fact that this was an overwhelming measure of times since he was eighteen, but since he took out tesserae for his kin, so they would not need to chance their odds of being picked to take part in the Games, and his mother. Moreover, the maker of the Hunger Games film painstakingly delineated Cinna as he was portrayed by Suzanne Collins in the book. In the book, Katniss considered, â€Å"I’m shocked by how ordinary he looks. The vast majority of the beauticians they meet on TV are so colored, sten ciled, and precisely modified they’re abnormal. Be that as it may, Cinna’s short and tidy hair gives off an impression of being its common shade of earthy colored. He’s in a basic dark shirt and jeans. The main admission to self-adjustment is by all accounts metallic gold eyeliner that has been applied with a light hand.† The maker of the film worked admirably depicting Cinna. In the film, the beauticians and the regular folks of the Capitol dress crazy. They had shaded hair, insane hairdos, abnormal closets, unnatural skin hues, and a more than should be expected measure of cosmetics on. In the mean time in the film, Cinna dressed calmly, which means no insane closets or insane hair, basically only a layer of metallic gold eyeliner. He was depicted precisely like this in both the film and the book. Also, the maker made a colossal showing making the crease condition on the harvesting day, as it takes after what Suzanne Collins wrote in the book about the crease on the procuring day. Collins composed from Katniss’ viewpoint saying, â€Å"But today the dark ash boulevards are unfilled. Shades on the squat dark houses are shut. Our home is nearly at the edge of the crease. I just need to pass a couple of doors to arrive at the scruffy field called the Meadow. Isolating, the Meadow from the forest ed areas, in reality encasing all of District 12, is a high steel fence bested with spiked metal loops.† The scenes in the film that show the crease during the morning of the harvesting day look like this depiction from the book. It was significant for the maker of the film to catch the embodiment that theâ reaping day causes. The harvesting is certainly not an upbeat or euphoric occasion it is discouraging and obliterating, in this manner it was pivotal for Suzanne Collins to depict the day of the procuring as abandoned and to portray everybody as minding their own business on this day. The film caught the mind-set and tone that the harvesting day was exceptionally discouraging. While a few contrasts between the Hunger Games book and the Hunger Games film are obvious, the likenesses are striking. The Hunger Games film was marginally changed to consolidate and communicate similar thoughts communicated in the book. In any case, the Hunger Games book contains the first material that was deciphered into the film with various goals. In spite of having these distinctions, the likenesses between these two themes are that the two of them show that the chances are not in support of themselves, the two of them depict Cinna as ordinary dressed and easygoing, and in the film, and the crease takes after and catches the state of mind and tone of the crease that Suzanne Collins expounded on in the book. It is obvious that the Hunger Games book and the Hunger Games film contain a bigger number of likenesses than contrasts on the grounds that the main contrasts were ideas and thoughts that required adjustment.

The 80s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The 80s - Essay Example It was a period of insurgency against the typical. This was appeared through the social reaction of the tasteful style, and this design has accomplished to raise the social inclination that stretched out to incorporate all habits of consumables and socializations. This style was appeared all through a significant number of the patterns of the 1980s. As per Niven, â€Å"jewelry wasn’t only a frill in the eighties. It was a central point† (27). Punk style which was mix of the flower child development of the previous decades and the present realist pattern additionally rose. At the point when it came to hairdos, individuals favored large, wavy, dreadlocked and overwhelming. The style incorporated some torn pants, leggings pants, calfskin garments, leg warmers, tights and athletic shoes. The famous people wore calfskin, bound garments and fishnet stockings and gloves. At the point when it went to a business look, there was the force suit. Knight depicts power suit as a â€Å"term advanced during the 1980s that was related with the clothing worn by businesspeople and ladies to extend certainty and authority† (viii-ix).The ladies during this period wore substantial and splendid cosmetics. They regularly utilized light shaded lipstick, dull and thick eyelashes and pink and blue blusher. The 1980s garments was viewed as unisex. The ladies wore sweaters that included turtlenecks and V-necks. The most favored school shoes were knee-high boots and cat heels, tennis shoes and jam shoes. The ladies had gotten increasingly beautiful as they wore fleece coats , since quite a while ago flared skirts and miniskirts. Punk style rose in the1980s. It was well known among individuals matured 18â€22. This design was communicated by multi-shaded mohawks, â€Å"black apparel, cowhide coats, and tore jeans† (Feinstein 13). Jean coats were chic when fixed with a self clasping pin, catches, patches, or social trophies. Individuals of the punk style would utilize bits of texture and join them with security pins. This style before long turned into an elegant method of fixing

Viruses Essays - Virology, Virus, Non-cellular Life,

Infections The word infection signifies poi-child in Latin. Infections are submicro-scopic intracellular parasites that comprise of either RNA or DNA, and a defensive coat of protein. It has caused endless sicknesses in vari-ous living beings. The term infection was first utilized during the 1890s to depict specialists that caused sicknesses that were littler than microorganisms. The ex-istence of infections was built up in 1892, at the point when Russian researcher Dimity I. Ivanovsky found infinitesimal particles later known as the tobacco mosaic infection. Throughout the years, researchers have discussed regardless of whether infections are alive. A few researchers contend that the infection is dormant. On the other hand, different researchers contend that infections are lifeforms and ought to be arranged into a realm. In any case, numerous sci-entists have concurred that things must have seven attributes of life to be viewed as alive. The character-istics of life are largely living things are made out of cells, all living beings are sorted out at cell and sub-atomic levels, vitality use, and reaction to the earth, development, reproduc-tion, and adjustment. From inquire about and observa-tion, researchers have discovered that vi-tricks can play out a portion of the existence forms. They discovered that infections have association, the capacity to re-produce, and adjustments. To begin with, they found that infections are commonly sorted out and formed of a nu-cleic corrosive center, either RNA or DNA, encompassed by protein. Next, they discovered that infections could recreate. It doesn't recreate by sexual or abiogenetic creation, yet by infusing its hereditary material into the core of a living cell. At last, they discovered that infections have adjustments. They have the capacity to change into various strains to oppose man-made medications. To put it plainly, these are a few perspectives and realities about the infection. Right up 'til the present time, researchers are still furiously discussing whether infections are alive. Should we think of them as alive since they play out some life forms or just think of them as inert?

Border Security

Security our outskirt is basic to making sure about the country. The nation faces an alternate arrangement of difficulties with non-Mexicans who are discovered intersection the fringe illicitly. Mexican unlawful settlers are at first confined when they are caught. The issue is that the detainment offices need more space for convenience. Therefore, around four of each five non-Mexican unlawful foreigners that are gotten are discharged in the public eye and approached to return for a court date. At the point when the date shows up, around 75 percent of those discharged don't appear at the court.In 2004, just 30,000 of the 160,000 non-Mexicans were sent home for being discovered going over the southwest. (http://www. whitehouse. gov/news/discharges/2005/11/20051128-7. html) The act of catch and discharge had been the government’s strategy for a considerable length of time. It was an indiscreet strategy and the administration has plans to end it. To assist end with getting and dis charge, there is have to expand the limit in the confinement offices. The president marked an enactment bolstered by individuals from the Arizona appointment in 2005 to expand the quantity of beds in detainment facilities.One of the best instruments the legislature has in this exertion is a procedure called assisted expulsion. Under assisted expulsion, non-Mexicans are definite and set into smoothed out procedures. It permits the administration to oust them at a normal of 32 days, very nearly multiple times quicker than expected. At the end of the day, the administration is slicing through organization. The program was fruitful to such an extent that the barrier secretary extended it al all over the fringe. (http://www. whitehouse. gov/news/discharges/2005/11/20051128-7. html)Since 2001, the administration has employed 1900 new Border watch operators. The operators are being helped by arrangement of advances. Innovation enables a person to have more extensive reach and more viabilit y. At the point when specialists can exploit forefront gear like overhead reconnaissance automatons and infrared cameras, they can make a superior showing for everybody. In Tucson specialists on the ground are coordinating unmanned elevated innovation in the sky, and they are acting quickly on illicit migration or criminal operations they may see from the drones.Since these unmanned flights started, operators have blocked a great deal of medications on the fringe that in any case and individuals that in any case have endured. (http://www. whitehouse. gov/news/discharges/2005/11/20051128-7. html) US spending on military and police help to Mexico has dramatically multiplied to $57. 8 million with the expectation that it will help secure America’s southern flank. The draw down of National Guard troops along the US-Mexican fringe ought to be halted or elective outskirt security upgrades furnished in light of issues with a cutting edge â€Å"virtual fence† project.â€Å"Pr oject 28† venture, a 28-mile exhibit of radars and observation cameras close sasabo, demonstrate that expansive usage of a â€Å"virtual fence† along the nation’s southern outskirt won’t happen soon. Task 28 is a piece of a national intend to make sure about the US Mexico fringe with physical boundaries and cutting edge detainment abilities. (Carl B, 2007) Curbing illicit movement and security the about 2,000 mile, (3,200-kilometer) south western fringe are intriguing issues in this US political decision year. Washington has promised to finish 67 miles (1,070 kilometers) of new hindrances by the end of 2008, in spite of obstruction from landowners and environmentalists.Based on along standing relationship of collaboration and shared help, US customs and Border Protection (CBP) and the General Customs Administration of Mexico (GCAM) have started the execution of those activity things intended to ensure the safe and productive progression of exchange between the two countries. (Carl B, 2007) For motivations behind creating and actualizing activity recognized in the US/Mexico Border Partnership Plan, CBP and GCAM have made unique working gatherings: the Border working Group, the Enforcement Working Group and the Technology and Customs Procedures Working Group.These bunches have been taking a shot at a wide scope of activities in particular; 1. Expanding and fitting the administration hours in a joint effort with the exchange networks, at the section ports situated at the basic outskirt. 2. Guaranteeing the Advanced Passenger Information System in Mexico is actualized. This will help gather and offer information concerning air travelers showing up to and withdrawing from United States and Mexico. 3. Sending gamma beam machines at our railroad intersections. 4. Trading center information on each exchange happening through the basic outskirt in an electronic environment.5. testing and executing new advances for example electronic seals 6. Deceitful exchange examinations ought to be directed together. This has prompted noteworthy seizures of underestimated and wrongfully transshipped merchandise. 7. Lapsing frameworks to screen in-travel shipments through our regions. 8. Holding onto unlawful money shipped via air travelers. (http://www. dhs. gov/xnews/discharges/press_release_0137. shtm. ) The Mexican outskirt fence that was affirmed by President Bush in October 2006 is presently finished, however awards for the task are not many and far between.The secure fence Act, which was touted by Republicans as a significant fringe security activity in the weeks paving the way to the 2006, mid-term races is currently seen by numerous individuals as a disaster of the principal request. The fence is just more than two feet high and individuals contend that it can't stop illicit settlers. The Mexican outskirt fence as finished is an approximately 30 inch high boundary manufactured essentially of wooden stakes and chicken wire. Ch icken wire couldn't be accommodated the whole length of the fence because of spending plan constraints.These divides in this way comprise just of wooden fence posts crashed into the ground generally every twelve feet with little written by hand in the middle of bearing the words â€Å"security fence). (Carl B, 2007) Governor Janet Napolitano on Wednesday March 08 arranged progressively National Guardsmen posted at the Mexican fringe to help stop illicit workers and control related violations. National Guard troops have worked at the fringe since 1988, yet Napolitano marked and request approving authorities to station a vague number of extra warriors there to help government agents.Once the financing is affirmed, the soldiers will screen crossing focuses, help with payload review and work observation cameras, as indicated by the request. Around 170 national Guardsmen are as of now posted at the nation’s busiest unlawful section point, where they help with correspondences, fen ce development and antidrug endeavors. (Carl B, 2007) For the most recent four years, the emergency at the southern fringe has not improved. Today, roughly a similar number of illicit intersections happens on the southern outskirt as happened four years ago.That midpoints around 5,000 unlawful intersection for each day and roughly 5 million illicit intersections. In a post 9/11 world this is inadmissible. (http://www. lenmunsil. com/BorderMunsil. pdf. ) The legislature ought to promptly send the Arizona National Guard and dole out it the strategic security Arizona’s southern fringe working helpfully with US Border Patrol and progressing activity Jump start. The Governor is approved under A. R. S Sec-26-172 to â€Å"mobilize all or any part† of the National Guard when the Governor declares a crisis or â€Å"deems it important to ensure lives or property.It ought to likewise look for financing to make the â€Å"Arizona Border Patrol† as a division of the Departme nt of Public Safety-Law implementation will assume a huge job in shielding Arizona from continuous impacts of unlawful movement. (http://www. lenmunsil. com/BorderMunsil. pdf. ) It ought to likewise look for subsidizing to send radar innovation to the whole length of Arizona’s southern fringe, supplementing current Border Patrol endeavors and covering those zones that are as of now unprotected.Additional assets ought to likewise be given to law authorization, the courts and every single essential part for the criminal equity framework to process displaced people rapidly and move them out of the state framework. (http://www. lenmunsil. com/BorderMunsil. pdf. ) Reference: Carl Braun. 2007. To the exclusion of everything else. The Minute man Struggle to Secure America’s Borders. http://www. whitehouse. gov/news/discharges/2005/11/20051128-7. html. Recovered on13th March 2008 http://www. dhs. gov/xnews/discharges/press_release_0137. shtm. Recovered on thirteenth March 2008 http://www. lenmunsil. com/BorderMunsil. pdf. Recovered on thirteenth March 2008.

Advert Search Essay - 275 Words

Advert Search Essay (Essay Sample) Content:
INTELLIGENT ADVERT SEARCH BOT AND MARKET RECOMMENDER SYSTEMUniversity of NairobiSchool of Computing and InformaticsMaseno C. KhulabeP15/3889/2008Supervisor: Dr. Wanjiku NgangaFourth Year Milestone2 Project Report. May 2012Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science.Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324142"
Abstract  PAGEREF _Toc321324142 \h
ii HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324143"
CHAPTER 1  PAGEREF _Toc321324143 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324144"
Back Ground Information  PAGEREF _Toc321324144 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324145"
PROBLEM STATEMENT  PAGEREF _Toc321324145 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324146"
GOALS AND Objectives:  PAGEREF _Toc321324146 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324147"
Project Scope  PAGEREF _Toc321324147 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324148"
jUSTIFICATION  PAGEREF _Toc321324148 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324149"
Expected Resul t  PAGEREF _Toc321324149 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324150"
CHAPTER 2  PAGEREF _Toc321324150 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324151"
LITERATURE REVIEW  PAGEREF _Toc321324151 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324152"
Case Studies  PAGEREF _Toc321324152 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324153"
History of web advertising  PAGEREF _Toc321324153 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324154"
Types And Sizes Of Adverts  PAGEREF _Toc321324154 \h
9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324155"
Recommender systems  PAGEREF _Toc321324155 \h
10AbstractInternet is a generational innovation that has grown extensively over time to take advantage of growing technology, to promote and improve businesses by providing effective communication and efficient service delivery. This has been possible via different forms, mostly advertisements on different on-line sites pages and information repositories on the Internet. However as a result of overwhelming increase of information on Internet, it's diffic ult to make decisions on where is the appropriate market focus for advertisements or location of products and services. Consequently with advancement in technology and changes in life styles people are preferring different forms of adverts. The aim of this work is to develop an intelligent advert search bot and market recommender system that crawls through the Internet for adverts, extracts the advert from an online web page into a structured database. The advert is retrieved during search when a matching search term is provided in the search box. This is used to fasten user search and provide more precise advert search needs. This is important since products fall in the vertical internet search domains, where people are interested in specific information rather than the page itself. This research expounds on prior research that has been done on use of search engines to rank relevant Internet pages; the system is implemented by designing and developing a niche targeting crawler soft ware to extract for Internet adverts. The system allows for external user recommendation on suitable advertising sites to crawl for adverts to simplify customer product and service search and advertisement locations. This simplifies the search since the user does not have to browse through several pages returned by page level search to get the target information. CHAPTER 1Back Ground Information Web advertising is meant to attract potential customers on the advertisers Web site of a given product item or to strengthen brand recognition of a business by placing promotional content and a link on other Web sites. Promotional content are designed in various forms to ensure they capture the attention of the target audience. The web has taken advantage of existing technological possibilities of modern Web browsers, to present ads in various forms like: static banners, animated, flashing, moving, links and pop-ups. Most of this became a bother to users where they are not interested in wh at is being advertised and more irritating if the adverts do not value cultural faith of the user. Research has shown that most advertisements do not serve their intended purpose for instance; according to a report by ADTECH2 the click through rate, i.e. the ratio of the number of clicks to the number of views, has recently fallen below 0.20% on average because most adverts are randomly placed without much consideration of the visitors. With a lot of information flowing on the web it becomes cumbersome to identify relevant advertisements. To solve these problems there is a need to use vertical/focused search mechanisms compared to general page retrieval searches. The vertical search includes Database, machine learning and uses objects as retrieval units as opposed to pages as retrieval units in page level search. It also has powerful query capability, direct answers and aggregate answers. However it has a challenge in where and how to get the required objects to retrieve in this ca se adverts. From  HYPERLINK ""  , Google.com, facebook.com and youtube.com are ranked the best advertising websites globally. All the three are profit focused companies observing that youtube is still under Google, there for most of their advertising are not to the interest of the advertiser or user but to grow their businesses financially. PROBLEM STATEMENTCurrently most businesses are embracing Internet advertising to market their products to masses of people using the Web, for instance in 2011 U.S spend more than $31.3 Billion [ HYPERLINK "/" ]; while a large numbers of internet users are searching for different market products and services. Statistics show that more than two billion people are using the Internet across the globe for different reasons, says a research by internet world statistics [ HYPERLINK "/stats.htm" /stats.htm]. Internet advertising revenue in the United States totaled $14.9 billion for the first six months of 2011: Search revenues accounted for 49 %, display-related advertising accounted for 37%, classifieds revenues totaling to 8%, Lead Generation revenues accounted for 5%, email revenues accounted for 1% (Internet Advertising Revenue Report 2011). Advertisers want the best locations for their adverts as advert searchers hustle to get what they want. The problem escalates when an advertiser post an advert to a non-direct target market and market focus hence wasting resources, on the other hand, a lot of users suffer frustration as well time wastage since they might not be well versed with how search engines work to optimize their search process. One reason why TV adverts are still preferred to Internet advertisements is the fact that they are more glossier, self contained and do not compete for simultaneous editorial content. The proposed system aims to solve this dilemma by creating an advert pool that reduces the large volumes of information browsed when looking for an item and ranking the items. On the other hand it all ows users to suggest their advertising sites to be crawled for adverts hence ensuring their adverts are accessed by different product searchers.GOALS AND Objectives:GoalTo implement a system that simplifies advertisement search process of target market for sellers and ensure usefulness of Internet adverts to customers if easily accessed.ObjectivesTo design and develop an advert crawler that searches for adverts across different on-line sites.Rank adverts in order of their importance and relevance; e.g. location on the web page and number of similar words it has compared to search term.Allow users to recommend best advertisement sites and sites with their adverts to ensure they are accessed.Project ScopeThe project is limited to demonstrate:Reliability: Well structured data is necessary to ensure direct and aggregate results. Hence advert identification is the main area of focus to avoid direct but noise results to the user which is more like page information. Completeness: Given da ta should be as complete as possible to achieve its objectives and offer trustworthy answers to the users.Ranking Accuracy: Provide an optimal ranking mechanism critical for locating relevant object information since the information is in masses. Scalability: Given the information to be extracted will grow enormously the system should achieve minimum scalability requirements using data processing technologies E.g. faster querying algorithms.Relevancy: Since information keeps changing and web pages are continuously being updated, the system should frequently check on updates are re-index the sites. JUSTIFICATIONThe amount of information on the internet has increased manifold over the years. Users suffer from information overload, and most often the ever increasing information on web, increases demand on users time to browse through. The system is applicable to different products and services consumers, business individuals and companies to better market target research. The system i ncreases vendor's sales, enhances choice making and reduces time used by product consumers to get relevant service and product specified at an appropriate price. When one is searching for an item, it is similar to window shopping where only the price and a summary of features are necessary. When you are selling for instance sports shoes you want people interested in sports or sports business to see your advert. The system should give an advertiser a chance to judge the relevancy of their advert on the recommended site, hence gain confidence on the location. The system reduces the amount of information browsed through on page compared to objects retrieved. Over time browsers have been improved to block some types of adverts like some flash banners which are assumed to be irritating ... Advert Search Essay - 275 Words Advert Search Essay (Essay Sample) Content:
INTELLIGENT ADVERT SEARCH BOT AND MARKET RECOMMENDER SYSTEMUniversity of NairobiSchool of Computing and InformaticsMaseno C. KhulabeP15/3889/2008Supervisor: Dr. Wanjiku NgangaFourth Year Milestone2 Project Report. May 2012Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science.Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324142"
Abstract  PAGEREF _Toc321324142 \h
ii HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324143"
CHAPTER 1  PAGEREF _Toc321324143 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324144"
Back Ground Information  PAGEREF _Toc321324144 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324145"
PROBLEM STATEMENT  PAGEREF _Toc321324145 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324146"
GOALS AND Objectives:  PAGEREF _Toc321324146 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324147"
Project Scope  PAGEREF _Toc321324147 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324148"
jUSTIFICATION  PAGEREF _Toc321324148 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324149"
Expected Resul t  PAGEREF _Toc321324149 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324150"
CHAPTER 2  PAGEREF _Toc321324150 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324151"
LITERATURE REVIEW  PAGEREF _Toc321324151 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324152"
Case Studies  PAGEREF _Toc321324152 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324153"
History of web advertising  PAGEREF _Toc321324153 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324154"
Types And Sizes Of Adverts  PAGEREF _Toc321324154 \h
9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc321324155"
Recommender systems  PAGEREF _Toc321324155 \h
10AbstractInternet is a generational innovation that has grown extensively over time to take advantage of growing technology, to promote and improve businesses by providing effective communication and efficient service delivery. This has been possible via different forms, mostly advertisements on different on-line sites pages and information repositories on the Internet. However as a result of overwhelming increase of information on Internet, it's diffic ult to make decisions on where is the appropriate market focus for advertisements or location of products and services. Consequently with advancement in technology and changes in life styles people are preferring different forms of adverts. The aim of this work is to develop an intelligent advert search bot and market recommender system that crawls through the Internet for adverts, extracts the advert from an online web page into a structured database. The advert is retrieved during search when a matching search term is provided in the search box. This is used to fasten user search and provide more precise advert search needs. This is important since products fall in the vertical internet search domains, where people are interested in specific information rather than the page itself. This research expounds on prior research that has been done on use of search engines to rank relevant Internet pages; the system is implemented by designing and developing a niche targeting crawler soft ware to extract for Internet adverts. The system allows for external user recommendation on suitable advertising sites to crawl for adverts to simplify customer product and service search and advertisement locations. This simplifies the search since the user does not have to browse through several pages returned by page level search to get the target information. CHAPTER 1Back Ground Information Web advertising is meant to attract potential customers on the advertisers Web site of a given product item or to strengthen brand recognition of a business by placing promotional content and a link on other Web sites. Promotional content are designed in various forms to ensure they capture the attention of the target audience. The web has taken advantage of existing technological possibilities of modern Web browsers, to present ads in various forms like: static banners, animated, flashing, moving, links and pop-ups. Most of this became a bother to users where they are not interested in wh at is being advertised and more irritating if the adverts do not value cultural faith of the user. Research has shown that most advertisements do not serve their intended purpose for instance; according to a report by ADTECH2 the click through rate, i.e. the ratio of the number of clicks to the number of views, has recently fallen below 0.20% on average because most adverts are randomly placed without much consideration of the visitors. With a lot of information flowing on the web it becomes cumbersome to identify relevant advertisements. To solve these problems there is a need to use vertical/focused search mechanisms compared to general page retrieval searches. The vertical search includes Database, machine learning and uses objects as retrieval units as opposed to pages as retrieval units in page level search. It also has powerful query capability, direct answers and aggregate answers. However it has a challenge in where and how to get the required objects to retrieve in this ca se adverts. From  HYPERLINK ""  , Google.com, facebook.com and youtube.com are ranked the best advertising websites globally. All the three are profit focused companies observing that youtube is still under Google, there for most of their advertising are not to the interest of the advertiser or user but to grow their businesses financially. PROBLEM STATEMENTCurrently most businesses are embracing Internet advertising to market their products to masses of people using the Web, for instance in 2011 U.S spend more than $31.3 Billion [ HYPERLINK "/" ]; while a large numbers of internet users are searching for different market products and services. Statistics show that more than two billion people are using the Internet across the globe for different reasons, says a research by internet world statistics [ HYPERLINK "/stats.htm" /stats.htm]. Internet advertising revenue in the United States totaled $14.9 billion for the first six months of 2011: Search revenues accounted for 49 %, display-related advertising accounted for 37%, classifieds revenues totaling to 8%, Lead Generation revenues accounted for 5%, email revenues accounted for 1% (Internet Advertising Revenue Report 2011). Advertisers want the best locations for their adverts as advert searchers hustle to get what they want. The problem escalates when an advertiser post an advert to a non-direct target market and market focus hence wasting resources, on the other hand, a lot of users suffer frustration as well time wastage since they might not be well versed with how search engines work to optimize their search process. One reason why TV adverts are still preferred to Internet advertisements is the fact that they are more glossier, self contained and do not compete for simultaneous editorial content. The proposed system aims to solve this dilemma by creating an advert pool that reduces the large volumes of information browsed when looking for an item and ranking the items. On the other hand it all ows users to suggest their advertising sites to be crawled for adverts hence ensuring their adverts are accessed by different product searchers.GOALS AND Objectives:GoalTo implement a system that simplifies advertisement search process of target market for sellers and ensure usefulness of Internet adverts to customers if easily accessed.ObjectivesTo design and develop an advert crawler that searches for adverts across different on-line sites.Rank adverts in order of their importance and relevance; e.g. location on the web page and number of similar words it has compared to search term.Allow users to recommend best advertisement sites and sites with their adverts to ensure they are accessed.Project ScopeThe project is limited to demonstrate:Reliability: Well structured data is necessary to ensure direct and aggregate results. Hence advert identification is the main area of focus to avoid direct but noise results to the user which is more like page information. Completeness: Given da ta should be as complete as possible to achieve its objectives and offer trustworthy answers to the users.Ranking Accuracy: Provide an optimal ranking mechanism critical for locating relevant object information since the information is in masses. Scalability: Given the information to be extracted will grow enormously the system should achieve minimum scalability requirements using data processing technologies E.g. faster querying algorithms.Relevancy: Since information keeps changing and web pages are continuously being updated, the system should frequently check on updates are re-index the sites. JUSTIFICATIONThe amount of information on the internet has increased manifold over the years. Users suffer from information overload, and most often the ever increasing information on web, increases demand on users time to browse through. The system is applicable to different products and services consumers, business individuals and companies to better market target research. The system i ncreases vendor's sales, enhances choice making and reduces time used by product consumers to get relevant service and product specified at an appropriate price. When one is searching for an item, it is similar to window shopping where only the price and a summary of features are necessary. When you are selling for instance sports shoes you want people interested in sports or sports business to see your advert. The system should give an advertiser a chance to judge the relevancy of their advert on the recommended site, hence gain confidence on the location. The system reduces the amount of information browsed through on page compared to objects retrieved. Over time browsers have been improved to block some types of adverts like some flash banners which are assumed to be irritating ...

Setting the Standard In Defense of Standardized Testing in Todays Society - Free Essay Example

Society today is fraught with conflict. With the current social landscape in the United States firmly polarized, one is not shocked to note that the realm of education is not exempt from discourse. Regardless of ones profession or social sphere, it is more likely than not that the issue of standardized testing is brought up, whether due to direct personal impact on a family member or child or due to exposure on the news. The term, standardized testing refers to testing that is conducted in a consistent and controlled manner, with a rigid grading structure and administered according to a book of defined rules. Standardized tests are created based off of a central curriculum and rubric that all educational institutions are instructed to adhere to. This practice is meant to put all students on an equal playing field by ensuring each student is taught the same material in the same manner, then tested according to said information. Standardized testing has been and continues to be a topic for debate, especially based on whether the benefits outweigh the cons when it comes to its effect on children, teachers, and schools. While there are multiple stances on the issue, there are two main positions. One side decries standardized testing and endorses a reduction in the number (if not outright elimination) of tests. The other supports standardized testing practice, citing that the standardized testing system should stay the way it is. This paper will support the pro-test position, while also addressing the main arguments against standardized testing. Testing will be evaluated as an equalizer and as a constructive method to evaluate the effectiveness of schools, as well as an indicator of material retention. Additionally, the merits of assessment must also be addressed, as well as the concept around teaching to the test. While standardized testing comes in many forms, dependent on the level of implementation and its source, this evaluation will focus on the concept of standardized testing itself rather than a specific test. Before one can begin to explain the benefits of standardized testing, one must first establish the importance of testing in general. For the purposes of this pa per, testing or rather, assessment, refers to a tool to measure the amount and quality of course material retained. For this information to be considered quality, the student must be able to apply the information rather than simply regurgitate it back on to the page (memorization). That being the case, this also implies that where assessment is concerned, the tests administered must ask questions that would allow students being tested to apply their knowledge. Assessment is a rather broad term and covers projects, teacher-student evaluations and reflections, and of course, the traditional tests and quizzes (Boss). However, since the focus of this analysis is standardized testing, the area of assessment to be examined are specifically tests and quizzes. Assessment is valuable mainly because it is a tool that can measure how well students are learning information, as well as illuminate the areas that need further review. According to the Review of Educational Researchs review of literature about the impact of classroom testing in 1988, formative testing was found to improve learning, both in the short and long term. Short-term effects included a heightened focus on classroom material, providing additional practice with the material, and helping students better understand further educational activities. Long-term effects included increased student motivation, reinforcing teaching goals, influencing the development of learning strategies, and even impacting students future course selection (qtd. in Earl, 43). A possible reason for these effects could be that through assessment, students can view their results and not only find where they can improve, but also what skills they excel in. This information could then be used by teachers to advise them in possible career paths or course work. Without assessment, both teachers and students would be left in the dark as to where an individual stands in their understanding and thus, no progress would be possible for either the teacher or student (Holland 2001 qtd. in Phelps, 222). On the other hand, critics of assessment argue that the benefits of assessment (such as measurement of material mastery) do not outweigh the cons of the pressure it puts children and educators under. One critic goes so far as to claim that learning is not a competitive sport and should not be treated as such (Dixon). Others contend that the amount of time spent on assessment takes away from the learning process (Covaleskie, 1) and that test preparation efforts are an entirely separate affair from teaching children to write, read, or even think (Almagor, 2)†implying that test preparation is not a form of learning in and of itself. However, th e problem with these comments is the assumption that the sole purpose and value in testing is the test score. These arguments do not take into account that assessment is more than a score. Rather, assessment is more of a process that informs classroom instruction and vice versa; instruction informs assessment (Paul, 2). Assessment, test preparation and quality of education are intimately intertwined. Formative assessment is essential to the learning process and teaching as a whole (Winch, 103); namely because of its many facets. Assessment means attention to student motivation and engagement, making connections between subjects, measuring the progression of learning, and planning linkages between instruction and the tests themselves (Earl, 45). Further, through the synthesis of 250 studies about the link between learning and testing, the Assessment Reform Group (1999) and Black William (1998) concluded that assessment is: a critical part of teachers perception of teaching, involves the sharing of learning goals between instructor and student, involves students in self-assessment and reflection, provides feedback for improvement, and ultimately, is reinforced by the idea that all students can improve (qtd. in Earl, 44). Testing is critically important to education because it gives educators and policy makers the opportunity to use the test results as a means to measure where students are and as a starting point for future lesson plans and methods to increase the quality of education in America as a whole. Wh ile the merits of testing are obvious, the issue with relying on traditional classroom assessment is the sheer variability of the material taught, as well as the teaching methods used. While general achievement levels provide some significant information, this information must be contextualized and the only way to do so is through thorough qualitative and quantitative analyses (Paul, 3). If assessment varied from teacher to teacher, school to school, state to state, then there would be no accurate way to generalize the results. Further, there is also the influence of outside factors to consider, including but not limited to: amount of educational funding, priorities of each environment (state, county, school, etc.), physical and/or mental disabilities, and social stratification. Considering these factors, this makes standardization a priority. The true brilliance of testing, when standardized, is its use of an equalizer. Namely, this effect is possible because the term standardized testing does not just refer to the test itself, but also the process and central curriculum that comes alongside it. One argument against standardization is that tests administered by testing companies may be biased or the government could manipulate the test material to best benefit themselves instead of the population at large. However, this concern is contradictory because of educations role at the center of society. States provide funding for schools and also have the responsibility under U.S. law (such as the U.S.A. Constitu tion) to regulate state-wide education (Covaleskie, 4), especially once the No Child Left Behind Act passed (Madaus et al., 22). Thus, states have both a practical and principle interest in educational quality. Practically, states have an interest in the economic well-being of the states citizens because it uses their tax dollars to fund the schools. As for principle, states can only regulate their schools by receiving information about how these schools are faring (Covaleskie, 4). Further, there is an incentive to avoid governmental meddling due to the potential political and social backlash if the public learned of a scandal. Education is a central pillar of society and being so necessary, this means that it is essential that there is no discrimination in its implementation (Covaleskie, 3). On that note, the U.S. government has put policy in place to safeguard against discrimination. An example of these policies includes Section 504 of the Rehabilitative Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (L. Erlbaum Associates, 198), which were put in place to clearly define what disabilities are and ensure that they are accommodated. Therefore, testing companies offer alternatives for those with disabilities, such as providing extra time to take the test (or even no time limit) for those with learning disabilities; and also accommodate for students with other disadvantages, such as language barriers by providing translated versions of the test. Anot her main argument that opponents of standardization (and by extension, standardized testing) put forth is the question of the feasibility of truly standardized material. How can a single assessment package, curriculum, or test possibly be appropriate for all students regardless of gender, race, culture, socioeconomic status, or disability (Paul, 3)? However, test publishers and makers have been intentional in their efforts to address these concerns. There are procedures for creating standardized material and when developing a test, testing companies employ measures such as: having a representative sample of the entire population write and review the assessment materials, conducting pre-tests with a diverse sample, evaluating each test component for test bias, and consider norms (lets test user know percentage of the entire population that earned a certain score) (L. Erlbaum Associates, 193-194). In addition to standardization efforts when making the tests, how to properly go about setting the standard scores was also evaluated. Student advocates have and continue to work with measurement specialists to institute appropriate student performance standards (e.g. Kane, 2001 Zieky, 2001) (Firestone et al., 145). Interestingly enough, research has shown that the introduction of standards (i.e. quality control) have a positive effect on the average percent correct on a standardized test. In the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), a group of 30 countries participated in the same standardized test (7th and 8th grade level TIMSS exam) and were ranked according to the number of system-wide quality control measures used (standards) and the average TIMSS score per country. Top performing countries used more quality control measures, with the largest amount (~18) also yielding the highest average percentage correct (~77%). The United States ranked approximately in the middle of the top and bottom performing countries, but closer to the bottom overall, with the lowest grade retention rate at 1.65 (Phelps, 221). If we are to take this data as indicative of a larger trend, the U.S.A. may benefit from additional standardization rather than less. However, even with these standards in place, another strong objection to the testing regime is the claim that tests discriminate against minorities, on the basis that minorities (and poor rural whites) consistently score lower than middle class whites on standardized tests. However, it is a leap to claim that these results are definitive proof that the tests themselves are discriminatory. The tests are tools, tools specifically created with the intent to compensate for differences between students. If the interest is to create true educational equality, these tests have potential to illuminate the educational deprivation inflicted on the poor instead of sealing their fate; because, frankly, even without the tests, poor students would be denied educational equity. However, without standardized testing, there would be no hard proof of the discrepancies in educational quality (Covaleskie, 5). From the very wording itself, the phrase teaching to has a distinctly negative connotation and casts test preparation in the light of having an extremely narrow and simplistic scope. The phrasing perpetuates the perception that standardized testing is inherently bad. In reality, as covered in the section The Merits of Assessment, test preparation is actually beneficial in overall learning and retention. Unfortunately, the general assumption is that any deviation from the traditional classroom teaching methods subtracts from instruction and when teachers employ the traditional teaching model, it is always better than preparing students for an external assessment or test (Stotsky, 7), even if not necessarily true. In both Cizek (2002) and Mehrens (1988) review of empirical research literature, there was relatively sparse evidence to support the claims of negative consequences of classroom teachers test preparation (L. Erlbaum Associates, 166). Critics of standardized testing seem to assume that once high stakes are attached to assessments, teachers will abandon their professional duty to teach a balanced course to instead pursue measurement-focused instruction (L. Erlbaum Associates, 171); which seems to devalue both the teacher and the effort put into making a standardized and beneficial curriculum in the first place. Paired with the assumption that literature on the benefits of testing is nonexistent, there is an inherent bias against standardized testing from the start (L. Erlbaum Associates, 57-58). Phrasing aside, when on the topic of standardized testing, one common complaint is that testing lowers the quality of education and penalizes creativity. By forcing teachers to teach to the test, teachers are thus prevented from aiding students intellectual and emotional growth (Kohn 2002, qtd. in Covaleskie, 6). Author Anya Kamenetz claims that the current focus on testing in America makes schools unpleasant places and by the 12th grade, students have taken an average of 133 various exams and 28% of class time is spent on test preparation and testing (Kamenetz, qtd. in Dixon). This standpoint points at the current testing regime as the source of reductionist teaching, but education critics like John Dewey were decrying the same issues before standardized testing even existed. It is not that standardized testing suddenly came along and ruined education, but rather, reductionist and by-rote teachingis just the way its always been done (Covaleskie, 6). To be fair, there simply is not enough time, much less in a school year for students to learn everything there is to know about the world†there is simply too much information! The issue is that teaching to the test is a paradox in and of itself: if teachers do not teach the material that will be on the test, they will be criticized. On the other hand, if teachers do simply teach the material that they are told will be on the test, then they will be criticized (Phelps 40). That does bring up the question, however. What is wrong with teaching to the test when the central principle and basis of education is creating a curriculum (or lesson plan), teaching it, and then testing retention? Standardized testing is essentially a mechanism that gives the teacher their learning goals and basic lesson plan up front (while still allowing implementation of its contents to be the decision of the educator; as standardized tests do not dictate teaching method, but instead require mastery of specific knowledge (Phelps, 45)), with the only difference from normal teaching is that the standards come from an external source. The test itself does not control how educators or schools approach preparation for the exam, but rather identifies what information is seen as essential. One of the benefits of standardized testing is that it can be used to monitor student progress, as well as by extension, the quality of instruction or rather, if schools are fulfilling their promises to the public. More-so than that, testing can show weaknesses in the current system and thus, educators can focus their attention on improvement. Evaluation allows one make changes when necessary to maximize student success. The alternative view on using testing as a means of evaluation is that the results are used to measure the education system, which destroys real knowledge due to accountability pressure (Davis, 7). However, this raises the question of what is and who should define real knowledge? Who should have a say in what information is deemed important or not? Phelps posits that critics that consider external standards and believe that each individual teacher gets to choose what is best for his/her classroom deny [the] legal reality that the public has the right to choose curricular order for schools (Phelps, 39), considering its their children doing the learning and the society at large that will be affected. Covaleskie supports this point, mentioning that when government agencies, acting under democratic procedures (i.e. yielding to the publics vote), decide that schools should teach certain material, then it is their responsibility to ensure the material is taught.

Analysis Of The Poem Harlem By Langston Hughes

In the poem â€Å"Harlem† by Langston Hughes, Hughes discusses the fate of the American dream and more specifically, he questions us about the destiny of the dream that never gets realized. He wonders whether it explodes violently or if it just dries up. Forty years later, Tony Kushner explored the fate of the suppressed, exploding dream in â€Å"Angels in America† through the character of Joseph Porter Pitt as he struggles to cope with his own repressed, but surfacing homosexuality, while also balancing societal and religious perspectives that restrain his true dreams. Furthermore, Joseph’s true self has been repressed deep into his mind and covered with conservative opinions, a fraudulent marriage, and religious manipulation. All of which, are†¦show more content†¦Joseph’s conservative shield serves as a layer of ignorance that blocks out the community in which he truly belongs to, which is the homosexual community. His non-existent acknowledgem ent of the struggle, fear and pain that the homosexual community was going through at the time is a reinforcement of a falsified dream that Joseph has. Virtually, his cluelessness of the AIDS epidemic means that he doesn’t see himself at risk, he see’s himself as pardoned from the tragedy as most straight men did during that time. Additionally, the epidemic brought the homosexual community together, and empowered them. Joseph, who I’m sure has heard of the epidemic before the play even begins, doesn’t feel a sense of connection to that community at all nor does he show any signs of empathy. He is left out of the coming together of the homosexual community and doesn’t care because of his denial.Moreover, Joseph ignores that homosexuals exist and although he does not completely deny the fact that he is gay in the play, he essentially ignores the reality of himself as a gay man. Also, Joseph’s language with Harper is mostly centered around change, even though he has a misperception about the world’s current status, he is focused on making a change to his life. He wants to move at the beginning, but only if Harper agrees to go with him. JosephShow MoreRelated Harlem, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesHarlem, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem The short but inspirational poem Harlem by Langston Hughes addresses what happens to aspirations that are postponed or lost. The brief, mind provoking questions posed throughout the poem allow the readers to reflect--on the effects of delaying our dreams. In addition, the questions give indications about Hughes views on deferred dreams. Harlem is an open form poem. The poem consists of three stanzas that do not have a regularRead MoreAn Analysis of Langston Hughes Poem Harlem1520 Words   |  6 PagesPoems Harlem by Langston Hughes Thesis statement: Hughes wrote this when Jim Crow laws were still imposing an bitter segregated society in the South. There were still lynchings of innocent African Americans, there was no Civil Rights Movement, there was no Civil Rights legislation yet, and Blacks couldnt eat at lunch counters in the South. Harlem, however, was not at all like the South in terms of blatant, legal segregation. However, racism was very much in place in many places in America. BlacksRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem Harlem Sweeties 2195 Words   |  9 Pages From â€Å"Mother to Son† to â€Å"Harlem Sweeties†, Langston Hughes uses various themes and poetic structures within his writing. 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The poem describesRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem I, Too978 Words   |  4 Pages Langston Hughes America, the ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity traditionally held to be available to every American. This is what everyone was told, what the Declaration of Independence states. But, Langston Hughes a black American poet in the Harlem Renaissance period saw the truth. Being an African American in the United States during the early 1900’s was difficult. Many lived a life full of hardships; segregation, prejudice and economic hardships, viewed as second-class citizensRead MoreLangston Hughes Theme For English B845 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Theme for English B† Langston Hughes dramatizes race and self-identity. Hughes is struggling to relate himself to his teacher and everyone around him, so he starts off by telling readers about his background such as his age and where he has lived. â€Å"I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston- Salem† (2). 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